Francisco de Peñalosa (c. 1470 – c. 1528) was a prominent Spanish composer of the late Renaissance, known for his contributions to early polyphonic music. His work primarily falls within the genre of choral and sacred music, characterized by intricate counterpoint and rich harmonies. Peñalosa served as a chaplain and composer in the royal chapel of the Spanish court, where he wrote many motets, masses, and hymns. Notable works include his "Missa de la Batalla Escoutez" and various motets such as "Ave Maria," which exemplify his mastery of the form and his ability to blend text and music effectively. His compositions are known for their lyrical quality and complex vocal arrangements, showcasing the transition from the medieval to the Renaissance style. Peñalosa's impact on music can be seen in his influence on later composers, particularly in Spain and across Europe. His innovative use of polyphony and attention to textual expression helped pave the way for the development of the Spanish choral tradition. Though not as widely recognized as some of his contemporaries, his works remain an important part of the study of Renaissance music.